Elektronik ve Haberleşme Mühendisliği Bölümü

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Citation - WoS: 13
Citation - Scopus: 13
Angle-Of Fluctuations for General-Type Beams
(Spie-soc Photo-optical instrumentation Engineers, 2007) Eyyuboglu, Halil T.; Baykal, Yahya
Starting with the recently introduced phase correlation function of a general-type beam, the angle-of-arrival fluctuations are derived and evaluated in atmospheric turbulence for lowest-order Gaussian, cos-Gaussian, cosh-Gaussian, annular, and flat-topped beams. Our motivation is to examine the improvement in the performance of optical atmospheric links when such beams are employed. For these beams, the dependence of the angle-of-arrival fluctuations on the propagation length, displacement and focusing parameters, source size, inner and outer scales of turbulence, and receiver radius is investigated. It is found that in the majority of the cases examined, the angle- of- arrival fluctuations remain small and hence are not expected to adversely affect the operation of free-space atmospheric links. It is observed that amongst the beams considered, the cos-Gaussian beam offers the least amount of angle-of-arrival fluctuations, while the worst behavior is exhibited by the cosh-Gaussian beam. This situation is reversed, however, if focused beams are used. (C) 2007 Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers.
Citation - WoS: 9
Citation - Scopus: 11
Application of Equivalent Structure Constant in Scintillations and Ber Found for Non-Kolmogorov Spectrum
(Elsevier Science Bv, 2014) Baykal, Yahya; Gercekcioglu, Hamza
The evaluation of system parameters in the non-Kolmogorov turbulent atmosphere involves the structure constant valid at the relevant non-Kolmogorov power law exponent. In some of the existing results, the comparisons of system parameters found under the Kolmogorov and non-Kolmogorov turbulences were made by using the same structure constant for all the power law exponents of the non-Kolmogorov spectrum. In this paper, we evaluate the scintillations and the average Bit Error Rate (< BER >) for the flat-topped and the annular beams in non-Kolmogorov turbulence, this time using the equivalent structure constant which is now different for all the power law exponents. It is observed that the scintillations and the < BER > show completely different behaviour when evaluated with the equivalent structure constant as compared to evaluations with constant structure constant. (C) 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Citation - WoS: 1
Average Received Intensity for Optical Beam of Arbitrary Field Profile After Propagation in Turbulent Atmosphere
(Spie-int Soc Optical Engineering, 2009) Arpali, Caglar; Baykal, Yahya
Employing our previously obtained formulation of the average received intensity for arbitrary optical beam in turbulent atmosphere, intensity patterns of already known and new source profiles are obtained. Arbitrary beam is defined as an incidence having arbitrary source field distribution which is produced by decomposing the source into pixels and assigning the related field to each pixel. For each source field originating from each pixel, incremental received field is found and the total received field is obtained by superposing the contributions from all the incremental received fields. Using the mentioned formula governing the arbitrary beam excitation in turbulence, average received intensity patterns for various types of beams such as cos-Gaussian, cosh-Gaussian, higher-order annular, flat-topped, general type and arbitrary beams are obtained. Our results can be applied in atmospheric optics communication links, reflection from rough surfaces, optical cryptography, optical imaging systems and propagation of partially coherent light.
Citation - WoS: 13
Citation - Scopus: 13
Averaging of Receiver Aperture for Flat-Topped Incidence
(Elsevier Sci Ltd, 2013) Kamacioglu, Canan; Baykal, Yahya; Yazgan, Erdem
Using a flat-topped profile for the incident beam, the power scintillation index for weak atmospheric turbulence is formulated and analytically evaluated. Through the use of the aperture averaging factor, the averaging effect of the finite receiver aperture on the intensity fluctuations for a flat-topped incident beam is examined. The influence of the order of flatness on the averaging is investigated. At large propagation lengths, increasing the flatness parameter decreases the power scintillations and it is possible to further reduce the scintillation by increasing the receiver aperture. Increasing the structure constant increases this effect. (C) 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Citation - WoS: 1
Citation - Scopus: 7
Beam Wander Characteristics of Flat-Topped, Dark Hollow, Cos and Cosh-Gaussian, J0- and I0- Bessel Gaussian Beams Propagating in Turbulent Atmosphere: a Review
(Spie-int Soc Optical Engineering, 2010) Eyyuboglu, Halil T.; Baykal, Yahya; Cil, Celal Z.; Korotkova, Olga; Cai, Yangjian
In this paper we review our work done in the evaluations of the root mean square (rms) beam wander characteristics of the flat-topped, dark hollow, cos-and cosh Gaussian, J(0)-Bessel Gaussian and the I-0-Bessel Gaussian beams in atmospheric turbulence. Our formulation is based on the wave-treatment approach, where not only the beam sizes but the source beam profiles are taken into account as well. In this approach the first and the second statistical moments are obtained from the Rytov series under weak atmospheric turbulence conditions and the beam size are determined as a function of the propagation distance. It is found that after propagating in atmospheric turbulence, under certain conditions, the collimated flat-topped, dark hollow, cos-and cosh Gaussian, J(0)-Bessel Gaussian and the I-0-Bessel Gaussian beams have smaller rms beam wander compared to that of the Gaussian beam. The beam wander of these beams are analyzed against the propagation distance, source spot sizes, and against specific beam parameters related to the individual beam such as the relative amplitude factors of the constituent beams, the flatness parameters, the beam orders, the displacement parameters, the width parameters, and are compared against the corresponding Gaussian beam.
Citation - WoS: 5
Citation - Scopus: 10
Beams With Arbitrary Field Profiles in Turbulence - Art. No. 652209
(Spie-int Soc Optical Engineering, 2006) Baykal, Yahya
Characteristics of optical beam incidences that have arbitrary field profiles are examined when they propagate in the turbulent atmosphere. Arbitrary source field profile is introduced by decomposing the source into incremental areas and the received field in the presence of turbulence is expressed as the summation of the fields originating from each incremental area. Intensity moments such as average intensity and the scintillation index in turbulence are formulated under such excitation. Our results correctly reduce to the well established Gaussian beam wave solutions when the arbitrary source beam is taken as the Gaussian field profile. Naturally, all the beam structures such as the higher-order single-mode, multimode, off-axis Hermite-Gaussian, Hermite-sinusoidal-Gaussian, higher-order annular, flat-topped-Gaussian beams form the special cases of our derivation. Numerical results that cover the scintillations in turbulence for various types of arbitrary beam profiles are presented. Our results for the arbitrary source field profiles can be applied in atmospheric optics telecommunication links where combination of several known beams are employed as incidence in an effort to reduce the degrading effects of turbulence. Also in the problems of reflection from rough surfaces, propagation of spatially partially coherent optical beams or double passage imaging in turbulence, our formulation can be utilized.
Citation - WoS: 32
Citation - Scopus: 32
Ber of Annular and Flat-Topped Beams in Non-Kolmogorov Weak Turbulence
(Elsevier, 2013) Gercekcioglu, Hamza; Baykal, Yahya
The average bit error rate (BER) of multi-Gaussian beams in non-Kolmogorov weak turbulence is examined. For each specific incidence of annular and flat-topped optical beam, a power law of non-Kolmogorov spectrum is found which is defined as the worst power law at which the average BER attains the maximum value. Using these values of the worst power laws, it is observed that thinner collimated annular, larger focal length annular and flatter small sized collimated flat-topped structures have a slight advantage in obtaining smaller average BER. (C) 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Citation - WoS: 18
Citation - Scopus: 16
Ber of Annular and Flat-Topped Beams in Strong Turbulence
(Elsevier, 2013) Gercekcioglu, Hamza; Baykal, Yahya
The average bit error rate (< BER >) of annular and flat-topped beams are evaluated in strong turbulence. In this respect, our earlier results on the scintillation indices obtained by the unified Rytov method are employed and the intensity is taken to be gamma-gamma distributed. For comparison purposes, < BER > for the log-normal intensity distribution is also evaluated. It is found that for the annular beams, the ones that are thinner, possessing smaller ratio of primary to secondary beam size, and smaller focal lengths will have smaller average BER in strong turbulence. For the flat-topped beams, the ones that are flatter and possessing large source sizes have smaller average BER in strong turbulence. Large average SNR substantially reduces the average BER in weak and moderate turbulence, whereas in strong turbulence, the average BER stays at the same value no matter what the average SNR is. Comparison of the log-normal and the gamma-gamma statistics for the intensity shows that the average BER will be higher for the log-normal case when the average SNR is small and the reverse relationship holds at large average SNR. For both the gamma-gamma and the log-normal intensity distributions, < BER > obtained for the annular and the, flat-topped beams in strong turbulence is advantageous over the Gaussian beam < BER > values. (C) 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Citation - WoS: 78
Citation - Scopus: 83
Convergence of General Beams Into Gaussian-Intensity Profiles After Propagation in Turbulent Atmosphere
(Elsevier Science Bv, 2006) Baykal, Yahya; Sermutlu, Emre; Eyyuboglu, Halil T.
It is shown that a general shaped laser beam will eventually approach a Gaussian average intensity profile after propagation in turbulent atmosphere. In our formulation, source field at the exit plane of the laser is taken as the product of arbitrary functions of source transverse coordinates with Gaussian exponential modulations. Following the expansion of the arbitrary functions in terms of Hermite polynomials, the average receiver intensity expression is derived using the extended Huygens-Fresnel principle and the conditions for the intensity profile to assume a Gaussian shape are stated. The results are illustrated by simulating various source field distributions. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Citation - WoS: 7
Citation - Scopus: 7
Cosine-Gaussian Laser Beam Intensity in Turbulent Atmosphere
(Spie-int Soc Optical Engineering, 2004) Eyyuboglu, HT; Baykal, Y
The effects of turbulent atmosphere on cosine-Gaussian laser beams are examined. To this end, a cosine-Gaussian excitation is taken at the source plane, and subsequently the average intensity profile at the receiver plane is formulated. Our formulation correctly reduces to the known Gaussian beam wave result in turbulence and the cosine-Gaussian beam solution in free space (in the absence of turbulence). Variation of the average intensity profile of the receiver plane is evaluated and plotted against the variations of link length, turbulence levels, two frequently used free space optics (FSO) wavelenaths and beam displacement parameters. From these results, it is seen that cosine-Gaussian beam, following the natural diffraction, is eventually transformed into a hyperbolic-cosine Gaussian beam. Hence, the beam energy becomes concentrated around two main lobes at the receiver plane. Combining our earlier result with the findings of this paper, we conclude that cosine-Gaussian and hyperbolic-cosine-Gaussian beam act in a reciprocal manner after having C, propagated. This rneans, starting with a cosine-Gaussian beam excitation, we obtain hyperbolic-cosine-Gaussian distribution at the receiver plane, whereas hyperbolic-cosine-Gaussian beam excitation will yield a cosine-Gaussian distribution. This reciprocity is applicable both in free space and in turbulence.
Citation - WoS: 8
Citation - Scopus: 8
Crossbeam Intensity Fluctuations in Turbulence
(Spie-soc Photo-optical instrumentation Engineers, 2014) Baykal, Yahya
Intensity fluctuations of a crossbeam are evaluated in weak atmospheric turbulence. A crossbeam is defined as two asymmetrical Gaussian beams oriented perpendicular to each other, and one of these beams is wider along the x-axis whereas the other beam is wider along the y-axis. Our results indicate that in terms of the intensity fluctuations in weak turbulence, focused crossbeams offer favorable results when compared to the corresponding focused Gaussian beam intensity fluctuations. However, for collimated crossbeams, such a comparison is in favor of the collimated Gaussian beam. (C) 2014 Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE)
Citation - WoS: 20
Citation - Scopus: 33
Effect of Beam Types on the Scintillations: a Review
(Spie-int Soc Optical Engineering, 2009) Eyyuboglu, Halil T.; Cai, Yangjian; Baykal, Yahya
When different incidences are launched in atmospheric turbulence, it is known that the intensity fluctuations exhibit different characteristics. In this paper we review our work done in the evaluations of the scintillation index of general beam types when such optical beams propagate in horizontal atmospheric links in the weak fluctuations regime. Variation of scintillation indices versus the source and medium parameters are examined for flat-topped-Gaussian, cosh-Gaussian, cos-Gaussian, annular, elliptical Gaussian, circular (i.e., stigmatic) and elliptical (i.e., astigmatic) dark hollow, lowest order Bessel-Gaussian and laser array beams. For flat-topped-Gaussian beam, scintillation is larger than the single Gaussian beam scintillation, when the source sizes are much less than the Fresnel zone but becomes smaller for source sizes much larger than the Fresnel zone. Cosh-Gaussian beam has lower on-axis scintillations at smaller source sizes and longer propagation distances as compared to Gaussian beams where focusing imposes more reduction on the cosh-Gaussian beam scintillations than that of the Gaussian beam. Intensity fluctuations of a cos-Gaussian beam show favorable behaviour against a Gaussian beam at lower propagation lengths. At longer propagation lengths, annular beam becomes advantageous. In focused cases, the scintillation index of annular beam is lower than the scintillation index of Gaussian and cos-Gaussian beams starting at earlier propagation distances. Cos-Gaussian beams are advantages at relatively large source sizes while the reverse is valid for annular beams. Scintillations of a stigmatic or astigmatic dark hollow beam can be smaller when compared to stigmatic or astigmatic Gaussian, annular and flat-topped beams under conditions that are closely related to the beam parameters. Intensity fluctuation of an elliptical Gaussian beam can also be smaller than a circular Gaussian beam depending on the propagation length and the ratio of the beam waist size along the long axis to that along the short axis (i.e., astigmatism). Comparing against the fundamental Gaussian beam on equal source size and equal power basis, it is observed that the scintillation index of the lowest order Bessel-Gaussian beam is lower at large source sizes and large width parameters. However, for excessively large width parameters and beyond certain propagation lengths, the advantage of the lowest order Bessel-Gaussian beam seems to be lost. Compared to Gaussian beam, laser array beam exhibits less scintillations at long propagation ranges and at some midrange radial displacement parameters. When compared among themselves, laser array beams tend to have reduced scintillations for larger number of beamlets, longer wavelengths, midrange radial displacement parameters, intermediate Gaussian source sizes, larger inner scales and smaller outer scales of turbulence. The number of beamlets used does not seem to be so effective in this improvement of the scintillations.
Citation - WoS: 12
Citation - Scopus: 12
Estimation of Scintillation and Bit Error Rate Performance of Sine Hollow Beam Via Random Phase Screen
(Elsevier Gmbh, 2019) Bayraktar, Mert
We study scintillation and bit error rate performance of sine hollow beam in turbulent atmosphere. Since source field expression involves higher order term, we model atmosphere utilizing random phase screen. We show that normal sine hollow beam (a = b) having higher order has the least scintillation index considering point like scintillation. This brings us bit error rate(BER) of this type of beam in turbulent atmosphere is less comparing with Gauss beam when we use point like receiver. BER of anomalous beam (a not equal b) having less scintillation index is lower than Gauss beam in strong turbulence region. In terms of aperture averaged scintillation, first order normal sine hollow beam and anomalous beams have less scintillation than Gauss beam.
Citation - WoS: 6
Citation - Scopus: 6
Field Correlations for Off-Axis Gaussian Laser Beams in Atmospheric Turbulence
(Amer Geophysical Union, 2014) Baykal, Yahya
The absolute field correlations in atmospheric turbulence are evaluated for the off-axis optical Gaussian beam incidence. Evaluations in the practical range of the source and the turbulent medium parameters show that an increase in the diagonal length at the receiver plane causes the absolute field correlations of the off-axis Gaussian beam to decrease. At a fixed receiver diagonal length, the off-axis Gaussian beams having smaller displacement parameters and larger source sizes exhibit larger absolute field correlations. Comparing the absolute field correlations of the off-axis Gaussian beams in atmospheric turbulence with their no turbulence counterparts, it is observed that the behavior of the absolute field correlation variations remains the same; however, the diminishing of the absolute field correlations in turbulence occurs at smaller diagonal lengths.
Citation - WoS: 18
Citation - Scopus: 19
Field Correlations of Flat-Topped Gaussian and Annular Beams in Turbulence
(Elsevier Sci Ltd, 2011) Baykal, Yahya
Starting from the second order moment formulation for multi-beam incidence, field correlations at the receiver plane of flat-topped Gaussian and annular beams are found in turbulence. Reflecting the information on both the randomness due to turbulence and the field profile of the incident field, field correlations of the fiat-topped Gaussian beams are found to become larger at larger source size, smaller flatness parameters and smaller turbulence strengths. For the annular beam structures, field correlations are larger for thicker beams. Field correlations of larger primary beam sized annular incidences are smaller at smaller diagonal distances and larger at larger diagonal distances. As expected, annular beam field correlations are found to be larger at smaller structure constants and at smaller wavelengths. However, at large link lengths, field correlations could be larger than at smaller link lengths due to fact that for annular beams, the field at the centre of the receiver attains very small value at smaller link lengths, however, on propagation in turbulence, receiver field distribution changes to a Gaussian profile. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Citation - WoS: 5
Citation - Scopus: 9
Incoherent Sinusoidal-Gaussian and Annular Beam Scintillations
(Spie-int Soc Optical Engineering, 2008) Baykal, Yahya; Eyyuboglu, Halil T.; Cai, Yangjian
The scintillation index is evaluated in horizontal turbulent atmospheric optical links for incidences of incoherent cosh-Gaussian (IChG), cos-Gaussian (ICG) and annular (IA) beams. Weak turbulence solution is obtained for a slow detector. Dependence of the intensity fluctuations of the IChG, ICG and IA beams on the link length, source size, wavelength and the structure constant are examined. At all the link lengths, fixed size IChG and ICG beams exhibit lower scintillations for larger absolute displacement parameters. At a fixed link length, IChG beam yields lower fluctuations than the ICG beam having the same absolute displacement parameter. For the same size primary beams, IA beam with narrower ring scintillates less than the IA beam with wider ring, and this holds to be valid for each link length. Investigation of the scintillation versus the source size reveals that increase in the source size lowers the scintillations for all types of the incoherent beams. At the same source size and the same absolute displacement parameter, IChG beams have lower fluctuations than the ICG beams, larger absolute displacement parameters exhibiting lower scintillations at the same source size for both beams. For IA beams, as the size of the primary beam is increased, the scintillations are reduced for all ring sizes, the reduction being pronounced for narrower rings. As the wavelength increases, the scintillations of IChG and ICG beams first increase, then at around the wavelength forming the Fresnel zone, the scintillations start to decrease and eventually for all types of IChG and ICG beams, the scintillation indices merge towards a certain value. Similar behaviour of the scintillations versus the wavelength is observed for IA beams as well. As long as the structure constant is kept within the range of interest to remain in the weak turbulence, raising the structure constant first increases the intensity fluctuations of beams for all the mentioned beam types where further rises in the structure constant result in the same level of scintillation index. Comparison of the scintillations of IChG, ICG and IA beams with their coherent counterparts and the coherent Gaussian beam shows that the IChG, ICG and IA beams are favorable for large sized sources.
Citation - WoS: 3
Citation - Scopus: 4
Intensity Fluctuations for Source Arrays in Turbulent Atmosphere - Art. No. 630308
(Spie-int Soc Optical Engineering, 2006) Baykal, Yahya
Intensity fluctuations are formulated for source arrays in weakly turbulent horizontal atmospheric links. Source array is composed of point sources separated by variable distances in the transverse source directions. Formula yielding the on-axis scintillation index for the source array is derived by employing the Rytov solution for the structure and correlation functions in the extended Huygens Fresnel principle. Through numerical results, variations of the scintillations versus the array parameters such as the size of the array, spacing between the array elements, amplitudes and phases of the individual sources in the array are investigated. Numerically evaluated intensity fluctuations for such array parameters are compared with the well known single point source scintillations. We are interested to understand whether the use of a source array will give favorable intensity fluctuations in atmospheric communication links.
Citation - WoS: 2
Citation - Scopus: 5
Intensity Fluctuations of Focused General-Type Beams in Atmospheric Optics Links
(Spie-int Soc Optical Engineering, 2007) Baykal, Yahya; Eyyuboglu, Halil T.
The intensity fluctuations of focused general-type beams in weakly turbulent atmospheric links are formulated and numerically evaluated. Focused general-type beams in general cover very large range of beams, however in this work we concentrate specifically on the focused sinusoidal-Gaussian, annular and flat-topped beams. The behavior of the scintillations for these beams is examined versus the focusing distance, wavelength of operation and the source size. In our formulation, atmospheric turbulence is introduced through the Rytov method where the free space field (i.e., in the absence of turbulence) at the receiver plane for the general-type focused beam is found by utilizing the Huygens-Fresnel principle. Figures are presented showing the scintillation index for focused general-type beams and collimated general-type beams. To find out the source and medium parameters that will yield favourable scintillation levels, the intensity fluctuations of the focused sinusoidal-Gaussian, annular and flat-topped beams are compared. Within the range of selected source and medium parameters, our observations indicate that the intensity fluctuations in weak turbulence tend to be the smallest for the focused flat-topped Gaussian beams and the largest for the focused cos-Gaussian beams. Gaussian, cosh-Gaussian and annular beams experience interim level fluctuations. The comparison of the scintillation levels for the mentioned types of focused beams follow the same tendency for all the propagation distances. Also, the intensity fluctuations of the focused general-type beams in turbulence are compared with their collimated counterparts. Such a comparison reveals that for all the beams at a selected source size, the scintillations are nearly the same for both the focused and the collimated cases at all the propagation distances, except for the flat-topped Gaussian beams. When focused flat-topped Gaussian beams are employed, the intensity fluctuations seem to be lower as compared to the equivalent collimated flat-topped Gaussian beam at shorter link lengths.
Citation - WoS: 8
Citation - Scopus: 8
Intensity Fluctuations of Partially Coherent Cos Gaussian and Cosh Gaussian Beams in Atmospheric Turbulence
(Iop Publishing Ltd, 2011) Eyyuboglu, Halil T.; Cil, Celal Z.; Cai, Yangjian; Korotkova, Olga; Baykal, Yahya
On-axis and off-axis scintillation indices of partially coherent collimated cos Gaussian and cosh Gaussian beams are evaluated on their propagation in a weakly turbulent atmosphere. In the coherent limits, our results are in quite good agreement with those for the existing Rytov scintillation index of coherent cos Gaussian and cosh Gaussian beams, especially for very small and very large sized beams and at weaker turbulence levels. The on-axis scintillation index becomes lower as the degree of source coherence decreases for both cos Gaussian and cosh Gaussian beams. Comparing to the partially coherent Gaussian beam on-axis scintillations, partially coherent cos Gaussian beam scintillations are generally lower and partially coherent cosh Gaussian beam scintillations are higher. Scintillations of Gaussian beams are very close to the scintillations of equal-power cos Gaussian and are quite similar to the scintillations of equal-power cosh Gaussian beams. Off-axis evaluations yield that the scintillations of both cos Gaussian and cosh Gaussian beams increase as the diagonal distance from the origin increases, being valid for all degrees of partial coherence.
Citation - WoS: 3
Citation - Scopus: 5
Irradiance Fluctuations of Partially Coherent Super Lorentz Gaussian Beams
(Elsevier, 2011) Eyyuboglu, Halil T.; Gokce, Muhsin C.
By using the semi-analytic approach introduced earlier, we formulate and subsequently evaluate the irradiance fluctuations of partially coherent super Lorentz Gaussian beams for orders of 10 and 11. Within the range of examined source and propagation conditions, our calculations show that there will be less fluctuations at short propagation distances as the Lorentzian property is increased. But the reverse will be applicable, if the longer propagation distances are considered. The use of focusing will cause reductions, particularly for beams with increased Lorentzian property. (C) 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

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