Elektrik Elektronik Mühendisliği Bölümü

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Citation - WoS: 4
Citation - Scopus: 5
Accurate Method To Calculate Noise Figure in a Low Noise Amplifier: Quantum Theory Analysis
(Elsevier Sci Ltd, 2022) Salmanogli, Ahmad; Gecim, H. Selcuk
In this study, a low-noise amplifier is quantum-mechanically analyzed to study the behavior of the noise figure. The analysis view has been changed from classic to quantum, because using quantum theory produces some degrees of freedom, which may be ignored when a circuit is analyzed using classical theory. For this purpose, the Lagrangian is initially derived by considering the related nonlinearity of the transistor, and then using the Legendre transformation and canonical quantization procedure, the quantum Hamiltonian is derived. As an interesting point of this study, the low-noise amplifier is deliberately considered as two oscillators connecting to each other to share the photonic modes between them; accordingly, the voltage and current as measurable observations and the noise figure as a critical quantity in a low-noise amplifier are theoretically expressed in terms of the oscillator's mean photon number. The main goal of this work is to study quantities such as the noise figure in a sufficient detail using quantum theory. In addition, as an advantage of this theory, one can control and manipulate the noise figure only by manipulation of the oscillator's mean photon number and coupling it between two oscillators. Finally, the circuit is classically designed and simulated to verify the derived results using quantum theory. The comparison results show that there is a partial consistency between the two approaches; as the frequency increases, the noise figure becomes minimized at a particular frequency.
Citation - WoS: 10
Citation - Scopus: 13
Adaptive Optics Corrections of Scintillations of Hermite-Gaussian Modes in an Oceanic Medium
(Optical Soc Amer, 2020) Baykal, Yahya
Adaptive optics correction of the scintillation index is found when Hermite-Gaussian laser beams are used in oceanic turbulence. Adaptive optics filter functions are used to find how the tilt, focus, astigmatism, coma, and total correction will behave under high order mode excitation. Reduction of the oceanic scintillation under various oceanic turbulence and system parameters is examined under different high order modes. Also, the effects of the source size, wavelength, and link length on the total adaptive optics correction of Hermite-Gaussian modes in an oceanic medium are investigated for different modes. (C) 2020 Optical Society of America
Citation - WoS: 5
Citation - Scopus: 7
Analysis of Wander and Spreading of an Optical Beam by Using the Oceanic Turbulence Optical Power Spectrum
(Optica Publishing Group, 2022) Baykal, Yahya; Gokce, Muhsin Caner; Ata, YalcIn
Variance of beam displacement and short-term and long-term spreading of a Gaussian beam propagating in the presence of underwater turbulence are examined by using the oceanic turbulence optical power spectrum (OTOPS). Analytical expressions for both beam wander displacement variance and beam spreading are presented. Results show that the underwater turbulent channel causes deflection from the on-axis mean irradiance and brings significant wander and spreading effects to the propagating Gaussian beam wave. The variations of beam wander and short- and long-term spreading are obtained depending on the underwater medium parameters such as the average temperature, average salinity concentration, temperature-salinity gradient ratio, and temperature and energy dissipation rates. In particular, the real values of the average temperature and salinity concentration of turbulent water are used to obtain the results. In addition, the effects of propagation distance, Gaussian beam source size, and wavelength are shown. The results demonstrate that the underwater turbulent channel brings displacements in the centroid and spreading of the optical beam. (C) 2022 Optica Publishing Group
Citation - WoS: 27
Citation - Scopus: 26
Aperture Averaging in Multiple-Input Single-Output Free-Space Optical Systems Using Partially Coherent Radial Array Beams
(Optical Soc Amer, 2016) Baykal, Yahya; Uysal, Murat; Gokce, Muhsin Caner
Multiple-input single-output (MISO) techniques are employed in free-space optical (FSO) links to mitigate the degrading effects of atmospheric turbulence. In this paper, for the MISO FSO system, a partially coherent radial array and a finite-sized receiver aperture are used at the transmitter and the receiver, respectively. Using the extended Huygens - Fresnel principle, we formulate the average power and the power correlation at the finite-sized slow detector in weak atmospheric turbulence. System performance indicators such as the power scintillation index and the aperture averaging factor are determined. Effects of the source size, ring radius, receiver aperture radius, link distance, and structure constant and the degree of source coherence are analyzed on the performance of the MISO FSO system. In the limiting cases, the numerical results are found to be the same when compared to the existing coherent and partially coherent Gaussian beam scintillation indices. (C) 2016 Optical Society of America
Beam wander of J (0)- and I (0)-Bessel Gaussian beams propagating in turbulent atmosphere
(2010) Çil, Celal Zaim; Eyyüboğlu, Halil Tanyer; Baykal, Yahya Kemal; Korotkova, O.; Cai, Y.
Root mean square (rms) beam wander of J (0)-Bessel Gaussian and I (0)-Bessel Gaussian beams, normalized by the rms beam wander of the fundamental Gaussian beam, is evaluated in atmospheric turbulence. Our formulation is based on the first and the second statistical moments obtained from the Rytov series. It is found that after propagating in atmospheric turbulence, the collimated J (0)-Bessel Gaussian and the I (0)-Bessel Gaussian beams have smaller rms beam wander than that of the Gaussian beam, regardless of the choice of Bessel width parameter. However, the extent of such an advantage depends on the chosen width parameter, Gaussian source size, propagation distance and the wavelength. Focusing at finite distances of the considered beams causes the rms beam wander to decrease sharply at the propagation distances equal to the focusing parameter.
Beam wander of J 0- and i 0-Bessel Gaussian beams propagating in turbulent atmosphere
(2010) Çil, C.Z.; Eyyuboğlu, H.T.; Baykal, Y.; Korotkova, O.; Cai, Y.
Root mean square (rms) beam wander of J 0-Bessel Gaussian and I 0-Bessel Gaussian beams, normalized by the rms beam wander of the fundamental Gaussian beam, is evaluated in atmospheric turbulence. Our formulation is based on the first and the second statistical moments obtained from the Rytov series. It is found that after propagating in atmospheric turbulence, the collimated J 0-Bessel Gaussian and the I 0-Bessel Gaussian beams have smaller rms beam wander than that of the Gaussian beam, regardless of the choice of Bessel width parameter. However, the extent of such an advantage depends on the chosen width parameter, Gaussian source size, propagation distance and the wavelength. Focusing at finite distances of the considered beams causes the rms beam wander to decrease sharply at the propagation distances equal to the focusing parameter.
Citation - WoS: 30
Citation - Scopus: 32
Bit Error Rate of Pulse Position Modulated Optical Wireless Communication Links in Oceanic Turbulence
(Optical Soc Amer, 2018) Baykal, Yahya
The upper bound of the average bit error rate (BER) of a pulse position modulated (PPM) optical wireless communication (OWC) link operating in oceanic turbulence is formulated. BER variations against the changes in the ratio of temperature to salinity contributions to the refractive index spectrum, the rate of dissipation of mean-squared temperature, and the rate of dissipation of kinetic energy per unit mass of fluid are found at various data bit rates, average current gains of the avalanche photodiode (APD), and M values of the M-ary PPM. It is found that under any oceanic turbulence parameters, BER performance of the PPM OWC system becomes favorable at smaller data bit rates, M values, and at larger average current gains of APD. (c) 2018 Optical Society of America
Citation - WoS: 1
Citation - Scopus: 1
Design Studies of Vsc Hvdc Converter According To Ac Voltage Tests
(Mdpi, 2022) Iskender, Ires; Haliloglu, Ali Burhan
Since high-voltage direct current (HVDC) systems are very expensive and operationally critical, these systems must be tested before they are put into service. Insulation and performance tests are the two main subjects of these tests. AC voltage tests, as part of the insulation tests, should be performed after system installation is complete and before commissioning. However, in this study, the objective was to perform these tests during the prototype phase of VSC HVDC. Unlike other studies, this study attempted to use COMSOL Multiphysics to determine in advance the problems that may occur in the real system. In this regard, the busbars connecting the submodules of the VSC HVDC system were first modeled in 3D, and the tests to be performed were simulated using COMSOL Multiphysics software. During the simulation, the finite element method (FEM) was used to identify critical points that could cause partial discharge. To validate the simulation results, partial discharge tests on a real system were conducted, and the design changes made in response to each test result were explained. After the improvement actions, the targeted partial discharge values were achieved.
Citation - WoS: 5
Effect of Anisotropy on Performance of M-Ary Phase Shift Keying Subcarrier Intensity-Modulated Optical Wireless Communication Links Operating in Strong Oceanic Turbulence
(Iop Publishing Ltd, 2020) Baykal, Yahya; Ata, Yalcin; Gokce, Muhsin Caner
In strong oceanic turbulence, the performance of M-ary phase shift keying subcarrier intensity-modulated optical wireless communication (OWC) links is investigated in terms of the bit-error-rate (BER) by considering the effect of anisotropy of the oceanic channel. To calculate the BER of the OWC link, a gamma-gamma statistical channel model is adopted. The extended Huygens-Fresnel principle and the asymptotic Rytov theory are used to obtain the received optical power and the large-scale and small-scale log-intensity variances, respectively. Our graphical illustrations include the BER versus anisotropic factor for various system parameters such as the modulation order, filter bandwidth, link distance, peak amplitude of each subcarrier and the oceanic turbulence parameters.
Citation - WoS: 106
Citation - Scopus: 115
Effect of Eddy Diffusivity Ratio on Underwater Optical Scintillation Index
(Optical Soc Amer, 2017) Elamassie, Mohammed; Uysal, Murat; Baykal, Yahya; Abdallah, Mohamed; Qaraqe, Khalid
The performance of underwater optical wireless communication systems is severely affected by the turbulence that occurs due to the fluctuations in the index of refraction. Most previous studies assume a simplifying, yet inaccurate, assumption in the turbulence spectrum model that the eddy diffusivity ratio is equal to unity. It is, however, well known that the eddy diffusivities of temperature and salt are different from each other in most underwater environments. In this paper, we obtain a simplified spatial power spectrum model of turbulent fluctuations of the seawater refraction index as an explicit function of eddy diffusivity ratio. Using the derived model, we obtain the scintillation index of optical plane and spherical waves and investigate the effect of the eddy diffusivity ratio. (C) 2017 Optical Society of America
Citation - WoS: 9
Citation - Scopus: 11
Effect of Strong Atmospheric Non-Kolmogorov Turbulence on the M-Ary Psk Subcarrier Intensity Modulated Free Space Optical Communications System Performance
(Optical Soc Amer, 2019) Baykal, Yahya; Gokce, Muhsin C.; Ata, Yalcin
Atmospheric turbulence is one of the significant phenomena that degrades the free space optical (FSO) communications system performance, and thus designers need to define the requirements related to turbulence and optimize the system design to ensure optimum performance. The subcarrier intensity modulation (SIM) shows superiority in terms of bandwidth usage over the other modulation techniques. Performance of FSO communication systems exercising M-ary phase-shift-keying (PSK) SIM with the PIN photodiode receiver is evaluated in non-Kolmogorov strong atmospheric turbulence when a Gaussian beam is used as the excitation. Bit-error-rate (BER) of PSK SIM FSO communication systems is examined, and the results are presented versus the non-Kolmogorov atmospheric turbulence and positive-intrinsic-negative (PIN) photodetector parameters such as PIN photodetector responsivity, equivalent load resistor, modulation order, noise factor, bandwidth, propagation distance, and beam source size. (C) 2019 Optical Society of America
Citation - WoS: 50
Citation - Scopus: 55
Expressing Oceanic Turbulence Parameters by Atmospheric Turbulence Structure Constant
(Optical Soc Amer, 2016) Baykal, Yahya
The parameters composing oceanic turbulence are the wavelength, link length, rate of dissipation of kinetic energy per unit mass of fluid, rate of dissipation of mean-squared temperature, Kolmogorov microscale, and the ratio of temperature to salinity contributions to the refractive index spectrum. The required physical entities such as the average intensity and the scintillation index in the oceanic medium are formulated by using the power spectrum of oceanic turbulence, which is described by oceanic turbulence parameters. On the other hand, there exists a rich archive of formulations and results for the above-mentioned physical entities in atmospheric turbulence, where the parameters describing the turbulence are the wavelength, the link length, and the structure constant. In this paper, by equating the spherical wave scintillation index solutions in the oceanic and atmospheric turbulences, we have expressed the oceanic turbulence parameters by an equivalent structure constant used in turbulent atmosphere. Such equivalent structure constant will help ease reaching solutions of similar entities in an oceanic turbulent medium by employing the corresponding existing solutions, which are valid in an atmospheric turbulent medium. (C) 2016 Optical Society of America
Citation - WoS: 4
Citation - Scopus: 4
Fiber Coupling Efficiency in Ocean With Adaptive Optics Corrections
(Optica Publishing Group, 2023) Gokce, Muhsin Caner; Ata, Yalcin; Baykal, Yahya
Underwater optical wireless communication (UOWC) is a very promising technology that enables high-speed data transfer through the use of laser beams in an oceanic turbulent medium. The high-tech fiber optical devices, which are already available in the market, can be integrated with the UOWC systems. When integration is achieved, oceanic turbulence, which distorts the wavefront of the propagating laser beam, plays an important role in reducing the fiber coupling efficiency (FCE), which in turn results in reducing the light power received from the fiber optical components. In this paper, we propose the use of the adaptive optics technique in a UOWC system to mitigate the effects of oceanic turbulence and boost the FCE. For this reason, the field correlation for a Gaussian laser beam is derived by using the Huygens-Fresnel principle. This way, the light power over the coupling lens and the light power accepted by the fiber core are formulated under the effect of adaptive optics corrections, which are repre-sented by the number of Zernike modes. The results demonstrate that under the oceanic turbulence effect, the FCE of the UOWC system employing adaptive optics is always larger than that of the UOWC system employing no adaptive optics. (c) 2023 Optica Publishing Group
Citation - WoS: 7
Citation - Scopus: 8
Field Correlations of Partially Coherent Optical Beams in Underwater Turbulence
(Optica Publishing Group, 2022) Baykal, Yahya; Gercekcioglu, Hamza
Field correlations of partially coherent optical beams at the receiver plane are formulated and evaluated in underwater turbulence. Variations of the field correlations are examined against changes in the degree of source coherence, diagonal length from the receiver point, receiver point, propagation distance, source size, ratio of temperature to salinity contributions to the refractive index spectrum, rate of dissipation of mean-squared temperature, and rate of dissipation of kinetic energy per unit mass of fluid. Under any underwater turbulence and link conditions, it is found that field correlations at the receiver plane reduce when the optical source becomes less coherent. (c) 2022 Optica Publishing Group
Citation - WoS: 13
Citation - Scopus: 14
Fourth-Order Mutual Coherence Function in Oceanic Turbulence
(Optical Soc Amer, 2016) Baykal, Yahya
We have recently expressed the structure constant of atmospheric turbulence in terms of the oceanic turbulence parameters, which are the ratio of temperature to salinity contributions to the refractive index spectrum, rate of dissipation of kinetic energy per unit mass of fluid, rate of dissipation of the mean-squared temperature, wavelength, Kolmogorov microscale, and link length. In this paper, utilizing this recently found structure constant and the fourth-order mutual coherence function of atmospheric turbulence, we present the fourth-order mutual coherence function to be used in oceanic turbulence evaluations. Thus, the found fourth-order mutual coherence function of oceanic turbulence is evaluated for the special case of a point source located at the transmitter origin and at a single receiver point. The variations of this special case of the fourth-order mutual coherence function of oceanic turbulence against the changes in the ratio of temperature to salinity contributions to the refractive index spectrum, the rate of dissipation of kinetic energy per unit mass of fluid, the rate of dissipation of the mean-squared temperature, the wavelength, and the Kolmogorov microscale at various link lengths are presented. (C) 2016 Optical Society of America
Citation - WoS: 23
Citation - Scopus: 24
Higher-Order Laser Beam Scintillation in Weakly Turbulent Marine Atmospheric Medium
(Optical Soc Amer, 2016) Baykal, Yahya
The atmosphere above the sea or ocean, known as the marine atmosphere, affects optical waves propagating through it in a different manner than the atmosphere above land. Like other system design parameters, intensity fluctuations of laser light propagating in marine atmosphere, quantified by the scintillation index, also show different variations. The on-axis scintillations of higher-order laser beams are formulated and evaluated when such excitations are employed in a weakly turbulent marine atmospheric medium. Variations of the scintillation index with respect to the changes in the Gaussian beam size of the higher-order mode, link length, wavelength, and structure constant are reported. Our results can be used in the design of an optical wireless communication link design operating in marine atmospheres. (C) 2016 Optical Society of America
Citation - WoS: 21
Citation - Scopus: 22
Intensity Fluctuations of Asymmetrical Optical Beams in Anisotropic Turbulence
(Optical Soc Amer, 2016) Baykal, Yahya
Intensity fluctuations of asymmetrical optical beams are examined when such beams propagate through anisotropic turbulence. Anisotropic turbulence is modeled by non-Kolmogorov von Karman spectrum. The variations of the scintillation index are observed against the changes in the asymmetry factor of the Gaussian beam, power law exponent of non- Kolmogorov spectrum, anisotropic factors in the transverse direction, and the link length. It is found that for all the conditions, asymmetry in the optical beam is a disadvantage but the anisotropy in the atmosphere is an advantage for reducing the intensity fluctuations in an optical wireless communications link operating in the atmosphere. (C) 2016 Optical Society of America
Citation - WoS: 65
Citation - Scopus: 70
Intensity Fluctuations of Multimode Laser Beams in Underwater Medium
(Optical Soc Amer, 2015) Baykal, Yahya
In an oceanic optical communications link, the received intensity fluctuations, quantified by the scintillation index, are formulated and evaluated when a multimode laser is used. The variations of the scintillation index versus the oceanic turbulence parameters are examined for different multimode laser structures. Oceanic turbulence parameters used are the rate of dissipation of kinetic energy per unit mass of fluid, the rate of dissipation of mean-squared temperature, the Kolmogorov inner scale, and the parameter w that defines the ratio of temperature to salinity contributions to the refractive index spectrum. The results in this paper can be used to improve performance in the design of oceanic optical communications links. (C) 2015 Optical Society of America
Citation - WoS: 22
Citation - Scopus: 19
Laser Array Beam Propagation Through Liver Tissue
(Springer, 2020) Baykal, Yahya; Ata, Yalcin; Gokce, Muhsin Caner
Laser array beam propagating through mouse liver tissue is investigated. The turbulence power spectrum of the liver tissue is employed in the extended Huygens-Fresnel method to obtain an optical intensity profile and beam broadening at the observation point in biological liver tissue. Variations of the beam profile and the beam broadening are simulated based on the number of beamlets, source size, wavelength and the ring radius of the array. A biological tissue, illuminated by the laser array beam, exhibits different beam profiles and beam spot radius variations when the number of beamlets, source size, wavelength and the ring radius of the laser array beam are varied. Examining these variations observed in the propagated optical beam and comparing them with the test cases, abnormalities such as cancer and tumor in a biological liver tissue can be diagnosed.
Citation - WoS: 3
Citation - Scopus: 3
Laser Beam Scintillations of Lidar Operating in Weak Oceanic Turbulence
(Optica Publishing Group, 2022) Baykal, Yahya; Gercekcioglu, Hamza
The formulation of light detection and ranging (LIDAR) systems is derived and examined for the scintillation index, evaluated on-axis, of laser beams in horizontal links in the ocean with weak turbulence by utilizing the Rytov method. These scintillation indices, obtained for the Gaussian beam which is collimated, the limits of plane and spherical waves, are depicted versus the source size, target size, and parameter of the normalized reflector size. It is found that the source size, target size, and normalized reflector size parameter, lessening the scintilla-tion index evaluated on-axis, are approximately 0.44 cm, 56 x 10-4 cm, and 2.2, respectively. Additionally, by using these values that minimize the scintillation index, the variation of the scintillations is shown against the propagation distance, radius of reflector, temperature and salinity fluctuation effects, mean squared temperature, and turbulent kinetic energy dissipation rate per unit mass of fluid at various selected source size and radius of reflector values. (c) 2022 Optica Publishing Group

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