Elektrik Elektronik Mühendisliği Bölümü Yayın Koleksiyonu
Permanent URI for this collectionhttps://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12416/411
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Article Citation - WoS: 81Citation - Scopus: 98Underwater Turbulence, Its Effects on Optical Wireless Communication and Imaging: a Review(Elsevier Sci Ltd, 2022) Baykal, Yahya; Ata, Yalcin; Gokce, Muhsin C.Theory of optical turbulence in underwater medium and the effects of underwater turbulence on various ap-plications done in underwater or under ocean are reviewed. A detailed survey of underwater turbulence studies in literature is reported. Underwater physics covering salinity, temperature and dissipation rates, various power spectra such as Hill, Nikishov and Nikishov, Li, new form and the oceanic turbulence optical power spectrum (OTOPS) spectra are explained. Wave and phase structure functions, related coherence length, anisotropy, in-tensity, field correlations in underwater turbulence are elaborated. Scintillation indices of spherical, plane, Gaussian, and other types of optical beams are mentioned. Bit-error-rate (BER), signal-to-noise-ratio (SNR) performances of optical wireless communication systems operating in underwater, and the effects of modulation types of these systems on the performances are reported. Channel capacity of underwater optical wireless communication systems when the channel experiences log-normal, gamma-gamma, Weibull, and negative exponential statistics are reflected. Underwater imaging and the related modulation transfer function, under-water turbulence mitigation techniques in the form of aperture averaging, adaptive optics, receiver, transmitter and multiple-input, multiple-output (MIMO) spatial diversity techniques are revised.Article Citation - WoS: 8Citation - Scopus: 9Multimode Laser Beam Scintillations in Weak Atmospheric Turbulence for Vertical Link Laser Communications(Taylor & Francis Ltd, 2022) Sayan, Omer F.; Gercekcioglu, Hamza; Baykal, YahyaScintillation index of multimode laser beams used for communication systems in vertical paths of weak atmospheric turbulent medium are examined by employing the Rytov method. On-axis scintillation index is examined versus the source size, propagation distance and zenith angle for vertical link including uplink and downlink. At the selected values of source sizes and propagation distances, scintillation responses of multimode laser beams are evaluated. In general, it is found for both uplink and downlink that the laser beam with multimode content has larger scintillation noise as compared to a Gaussian laser beam. However, for the downlink at L=700 km, at the chosen parameters, the multimode beam possessing larger mode content, is found to attain slightly smaller scintillations.Article Citation - WoS: 34Citation - Scopus: 36Hermite Gaussian Beam Scintillations in Weak Atmospheric Turbulence for Aerial Vehicle Laser Communications(Elsevier, 2020) Sayan, Omer F.; Gercekcioglu, Hamza; Baykal, YahyaScintillation index of Hermite Gaussian beams used for air vehicle communication systems in vertical paths of weak atmospheric turbulent medium are investigated by employing the modified Rytov method. By evaluating the on-axis scintillation index, variations of the scintillation indices of these beams are examined against the changes in the Gaussian beam size of the Hermite Gaussian beam mode, propagation distances and the zenith angles at the realistic propagation distances involved in uplink and downlink configurations. In the atmospheric environment, for uplink, the Hermite Gaussian beam modes have no advantage over the Gaussian beams at short propagation distances like L = 20 km,as well as at long propagation distances like L = 700 km. However, for downlink, although Hermite Gaussian beam modes are disadvantageous over the Gaussian beams at short propagation distances like L = 20 km, they are found advantageous over the Gaussian beams at long propagation distances like L = 700 km. The results of this study may encourage to use Hermite Gaussian beams, especially in the air vehicle laser communication links, and can be used in the design of an optical wireless communication link utilizing the vertical atmospheric medium.Article Citation - WoS: 4Citation - Scopus: 4The Analysis of Anisotropic the Non-Kolmogorov Turbulence Effect on Asymmetrical Gaussian Beam Propagation in a Marine Atmosphere(Iop Publishing Ltd, 2019) Ata, Yalcin; Baykal, YahyaThe variations of the scintillation index of an asymmetrical Gaussian beam are investigated when the beam propagates in anisotropic non-Kolmogorov marine atmospheric turbulence. The results indicate that the scintillation decreases when the anisotropy factors in both x and y directions increase. Increases in the beam asymmetry ratio and the inner scale length increase the scintillation index level. The scintillations are found to increase as the propagation distance and structure constant increase, and as the wavelength decreases. Being valid for any asymmetry and anisotropic factor, for small values of the power law exponent, alpha of non-Kolmogorov marine atmospheric turbulence, the scintillation index tends to increase proportionally with alpha. However, as alpha is further increased, the scintillation index starts to decrease after reaching a peak value. Larger anisotropy in the non-Kolmogorov marine turbulence is found to be preferable since the scintillation index is found to decrease at large anisotropic factors.Article Citation - WoS: 12Citation - Scopus: 12Scintillation Index of Higher Order Mode Laser Beams in Strong Turbulence(Elsevier Science Bv, 2017) Baykal, YahyaThe scintillation index of higher order laser modes is examined in strong atmospheric turbulence. In our formulation, modified Rytov theory is employed with the inclusion of existing modified turbulence spectrum which presents the atmospheric turbulence spectrum as a linear filter having refractive and diffractive spatial frequency cutoffs. Variations of the scintillation index in strong atmospheric turbulence are shown against the weak turbulence plane wave scintillation index for various higher order laser modes of different sizes. Use of higher order modes in optical wireless communication links operating in strongly turbulent atmosphere is found to be advantageous in reducing the scintillation noise.Article Citation - WoS: 71Citation - Scopus: 82Aperture Averaging and Ber for Gaussian Beam in Underwater Oceanic Turbulence(Elsevier Science Bv, 2018) Baykal, Yahya; Gokce, Muhsin CanerIn an underwater wireless optical communication (UWOC) link, power fluctuations over finite-sized collecting lens are investigated for a horizontally propagating Gaussian beam wave. The power scintillation index, also known as the irradiance flux variance, for the received irradiance is evaluated in weak oceanic turbulence by using the Rytov method. This lets us further quantify the associated performance indicators, namely, the aperture averaging factor and the average bit-error rate (<BER>). The effects on the UWOC link performance of the oceanic turbulence parameters, i.e., the rate of dissipation of kinetic energy per unit mass of fluid, the rate of dissipation of mean-squared temperature, Kolmogorov microscale, the ratio of temperature to salinity contributions to the refractive index spectrum as well as system parameters, i.e., the receiver aperture diameter, Gaussian source size, laser wavelength and the link distance are investigated. (c) 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.Article Citation - WoS: 7Citation - Scopus: 9Scintillations of Partially Coherent Annular and Flat-Topped Array Beams in Extremely Strong Turbulent Medium(Elsevier Science Bv, 2015) Oztan, Mehmet A.; Baykal, YahyaScintillation index of partially coherent multi-Gaussian array beams is analytically derived and numerically evaluated in extremely strong atmospheric turbulence. In the evaluations, partially coherent annular array and Bat-topped array beams are considered. When compared to the non-array partially coherent multi-Gaussian beam, it is shown that such array beams have smaller scintillations. The scintillation index is found to decrease with an increase in the number of beamlets. Laser at beams exhibit less scintillations when the beams become less coherent. Scintillations decrease when the radial distance of beamlets from the origin increases. At a fixed degree of partial coherence, thin ring sized annular array beams possess smaller scintillations than the thick ones. Flat-topped Gaussian array beams with higher flatness parameter. N have smaller scintillations in extremely strong turbulence. (C) 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reservedArticle Citation - WoS: 22Citation - Scopus: 21Multimode Laser Beam Scintillations in Non-Kolmogorov Turbulence(Ieee-inst Electrical Electronics Engineers inc, 2015) Baykal, YahyaEmploying the Rytov solution, the scintillation index at the origin of the receiver plane is evaluated in non-Kolmogorov weak atmospheric turbulence when multimode laser incidence is used. The solution presented can be used when the multimode is composed of even modes. The novelty of this work lies in the theoretical combination of multimode laser beam excitation and non-Kolmogorov turbulence in the scintillation evaluations, which is not known both theoretically and experimentally. The study involves mathematical rigor but no experimental results. Being valid for any power law exponent of the non-Kolmogorov turbulence, the scintillations of the multimode beams are found to be smaller than the scintillation index of a single Gaussian beam. For the multimode laser beam excitation, the scintillation index is smaller at smaller power law exponent values. If the multimode content is formed by beams with larger mode numbers, the scintillations decrease for any non-Kolmogorov realization. When large sized beams are used in the multimode, the scintillations increase as compared to small sized content, and the scintillations become almost the same as the Gaussian beam scintillations. Comparing the multimode structures that have the same number of beams, the ones with higher order modes yield smaller scintillations, and for such multimode structures, very similar scintillation index behaviour versus the power law exponent can be obtained by varying the amplitudes of the modes composing the multimode. The main contribution of this paper is the formulation and evaluation of the scintillation noise in order to understand whether the use of multimode laser excitation will improve the link performance of optical wireless communication systems operating in a non-Kolmogorov atmosphere.Article Citation - WoS: 71Citation - Scopus: 82Scintillation Index in Strong Oceanic Turbulence(Elsevier Science Bv, 2016) Baykal, YahyaScintillation index of spherical wave in strongly turbulent oceanic medium is evaluated. In the evaluation, modified Rytov solution and our recent formulation that expresses the oceanic turbulence parameters by the atmospheric turbulence structure constant, are employed. Variations of the scintillation index in strong oceanic turbulence are examined versus the oceanic turbulence parameters such as the rate of dissipation of kinetic energy per unit mass of fluid, the rate of dissipation of mean-squared temperature, viscosity, wavelength, the link length, and the ratio of temperature to salinity contributions to the refractive index spectrum. (C) 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.Article Citation - WoS: 10Citation - Scopus: 10Cross-Beam Scintillations in Underwater Medium(Spie-soc Photo-optical instrumentation Engineers, 2016) Baykal, YahyaThe fluctuation in the intensity, which is quantified by the scintillation index, is evaluated for cross beams when such beams propagate in an underwater medium experiencing turbulence. The variations in the scintillation index are investigated against the changes in the size of the cross beams, the ratio of temperature to salinity contributions to the refractive index spectrum, the rate of dissipation of mean-squared temperature, and the rate of dissipation of kinetic energy per unit mass of fluid. (C) 2016 Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE)