WoS İndeksli Yayınlar Koleksiyonu
Permanent URI for this collectionhttps://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12416/8653
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Article Formal Verification for I2C Communication Protocol in Aerospace and Aviation Industries(Elsevier B.V., 2026) Berik, Merve; Baykal, YahyaThe aerospace industry comprises many safety-critical applications that involve a vast number of interacting subsystems. Reliable data communication between devices and components is therefore essential. In this context, Inter-Integrated Circuit (I2C) communication protocol is widely preferred due to its simplicity, flexibility, low power consumption, and reliability. However, issues such as data corruption, data loss, and increased latency may still occur and can lead to serious consequences in aviation, including safety risks, electronic malfunctions, air traffic management problems, and incorrect navigation information. To avoid such failures, the I2C RegisterTransfer Level (RTL) design must be both correctly implemented and rigorously verified. There are several verification methods for digital design verification. Among several digital design verification approaches, Formal Verification (FV) is one of the most precise and reliable methods for safety- critical systems, as it provides mathematical proofs of conformance to specified properties. In this work, an open-source, Yosys-based formal verification flow is applied to an open-source I2C master design using the SymbiYosys framework. The verification environment is developed in SystemVerilog with SystemVerilog Assertions, enabling the detection of design errors directly against the protocol requirements. By combining bounded model checking, cover analysis, and theorem-proving, the proposed flow systematically verifies all five finite-state-machine (FSM) states and nine transitions of the I2C master. The results demonstrate that formal verification can systematically ensure robust and fault-tolerant I2C operation for avionics applications.Article Citation - WoS: 1Scintillation Index in Non-Kolmogorov Jet Engine Exhaust Turbulence(IOP Publishing Ltd, 2026) Baykal, YahyaIn a non-Kolmogorov jet engine exhaust turbulence environment, scintillation index is found and evaluated. Effects of non-Kolmogorov turbulence spectrum, i.e., power law on the scintillations are studied. Variations of the scintillations against the change in the power law are found for various link lengths, structure constants, wave numbers, jet engine exhaust turbulence strengths, source sizes and scale parameters of jet engine exhaust turbulence. When the power law of non-Kolmogorov turbulence varies, the changes in the scintillations in jet engine exhaust turbulence are not large. The results in this paper could be of help to designers of optical wireless communication systems operating in atmosphere experiencing non-Kolmogorov jet engine exhaust turbulence.Article Transmittance of Gaussian Beam in Anisotropic Jet Engine Exhaust Turbulence(Pergamon-Elsevier Science Ltd, 2026) Baykal, YahyaTransmittance is a metric that provides information on how much of the intensity is transferred to the receiver for a given medium. One of the definitions of transmittance is the ratio of the average received intensity in the presence of turbulence to the received intensity in the absence of turbulence. Under such definition, transmittance is found in an anisotropic jet engine exhaust turbulent environment. For various receiver points, transmittances versus the wireless optical communication (WOC) link and anisotropic jet engine exhaust turbulence parameters are presented. The results are useful for designers of WOC links that are installed in the premises such as the airports that possess jet engine exhaust turbulence.Article Mitigation of Laser Beam Fluctuation and Performance of Probability of Fade in Weak Ocean Turbulence(Pergamon-Elsevier Science Ltd, 2026) Gercekcioglu, Hamza; Baykal, YahyaUtilizing the Rytov method in weakly turbulent oceanic medium, minimum scintillation index of sinusoidal Gaussian (SG) laser beams, named as the optimum beam (OB), is investigated for the underwater wireless optical communication (UWOC). Horizontal link between any underwater vehicles is considered. The formulation of the on-axis scintillation index of these beams is derived analytically, and the minimum scintillation index is determined with suitable adjustment of the complex displacement parameters. The complex displacement parameters are identified and tabulated for the selected propagation distance and source size. Obtained scintillation index results are drawn against the propagation length and source size. When compared with the plane, spherical, collimated, focused Gaussian, cos-Gaussian and cosh-Gaussian beams, OB is found to possess essential advantage. Additionally, with the obtained scintillation index values, probabilities of fade of these beams are calculated and their behaviors are also presented. OB also has a significant advantage when considering the fade probability.Article Beam Moments of Higher-Order Annular Gaussian Beams in Tissue Turbulence(Optica Publishing Group, 2025) Arpali, Serap Altay; Arpali, Caglar; Baykal, YahyaBeam moments of the laser beam at the receiver plane were analyzed using our previously developed formula for the average light intensity of a higher-order annular Gaussian (HOAG) beam in the presence of biological tissue turbulence. HOAG beam moments are examined for the entities of power-in-the-bucket (PIB) and kurtosis across various tissue types such as the upper dermis (human), liver parenchyma (mouse), intestinal epithelium (mouse), and deep dermis (mouse). Moreover, beam moments are explored considering factors like the strength coefficient of the refractive-index fluctuations and the propagation distance. The PIB values for all HOAG beam modes are found to decrease exponentially and steadily, behaving similar to Gaussian beams as tissue length increases. As turbulence intensity increases, higher-order HOAG beam modes transfer optical energy to the receiver more efficiently than the lower order modes. Kurtosis analysis shows that at intermediate distances, the beam energy is distributed toward the edges, while at longer distances, the energy concentration is lower at the edges than at the center. This trend is reflected in increasing kurtosis values across all HOAG modes and tissue types. Considering the changes in PIB and kurtosis, higher-order HOAG modes transfer energy more conservatively within the tissue. Furthermore, the tissue type with the best transfer of optical power was observed to be the deep dermis (mouse). (c) 2025 Optica Publishing Group. All rights, including for text and data mining (TDM), Artificial Intelligence (AI) training, and similar technologies, are reserved.Article Laser Ablation Device with a Closed-Loop Control System(Optica Publishing Group, 2025) Beldek, Ulas; Erdogan, Kubra; Arpali, Caglar; Baykal, YahyaA laser ablation device with real-time beam power control is designed and implemented. This platform regulates the intensity of the laser beam by continuously measuring its intensity distribution. The quality of the ablation process is optimized through a closed-loop control system that uses a rule-based decision-making approach. The controller generates a starting signal for both the laser power and the motors based on the estimated quality of the ablation. The effects of laser power and light intensity on the formation of microchannels in polymethylmethacrylate material were investigated using the laser beam. The quality of the ablation geometry was assessed through image processing and inspection under a scanning electron microscope. The generated microchannels were analyzed in terms of roughness and residual thermal stress. A comparison of the experimental results with theoretical calculations and simulations revealed that the closed-loop control of laser beam power is effective for material etching and for creating smoother channel profiles. (c) 2025 Optica Publishing Group. All rights, including for text and data mining (TDM), Artificial Intelligence (AI) training, and similar technologies, are reserved.Conference Object Citation - WoS: 2Bit Error Rates for Focused General-Type Beams(Electromagnetics Acad, 2009) Arpali, Serap; Arpali, Serap Altay; Baykal, Yahya Kemal; Baykal, Yahya; Elektrik-Elektronik Mühendisliği; Elektronik ve Haberleşme MühendisliğiUsing the scintillation index of general beam formulation, bit error rate (BER) is investigated for focused Gaussian, cos-Gaussian, cosh-Gaussian and annular beams in weak atmospheric turbulence. We have employed our previously derived formulation of the scintillation index of these beams by Rytov method. Rytov method scintillation theory is known to yield accurate results for focused beams on horizontal paths under certain regions. Therefore we find the scintillation indices of the mentioned beams for the valid region. Using the log-normal distributed intensity, BER values versus signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) are calculated for Gaussian, cos-Gaussian, cosh-Gaussian and annular beams. In our study, the focal lengths (radius of curvature) of all the mentioned focused beams are equal to the propagation distance. The improvement of BER is observed for variations of propagation length, source size and wavelength of operation. Based on these parameters, BER values of Gaussian, cos-Gaussian, cosh-Gaussian and annular beams are compared. BER values we found for the focused Gaussian, cos-Gaussian, cosh-Gaussian and annular beams decrease with increasing source sizes. Likewise, BER values of focused Gaussian, cos-Gaussian, cosh-Gaussian and annular beams decrease with increasing wavelength. The focused annular beam attains the lowest BER value for small source sizes and long propagation distances. Moreover, BER for focused beams is compared with their collimated counterparts. We observe that focused beams have lower BER values than the collimated beams on horizontal paths. Our formulation can easily be extended to cover corresponding higher order beams, however in this paper we concentrate mainly on the zero order beams.Conference Object Citation - WoS: 2Flat-Topped Field Correlations in Extremely Strong Turbulence(Electromagnetics Acad, 2011) Baykal, Yahya Kemal; Baykal, Yahya; Elektrik-Elektronik MühendisliğiIn extremely strong turbulent horizontal atmospheric optical links, field correlations of flat-topped Gaussian incidence are evaluated. Field correlations are represented versus the diagonal distance at the receiver plane, for variations in the number of beams forming the flat-topped structure, receiver points, source sizes, link lengths, structure constants and the wave-lengths. Our results in extremely strong turbulence are compared to their free space counterparts which only reflect the diffraction patterns at the receiver plane. The effects of the inner scale of turbulence on the field correlations in extremely strong turbulence are examined in detail and it is observed that the size of the inner scale in extremely strong turbulence can considerably influence the field correlations of flat-topped beams.Conference Object Citation - WoS: 1Citation - Scopus: 1Off-Axis Field Correlations in Turbulence(Ieee, 2013) Baykal, Yahya Kemal; Baykal, Yahya; Elektrik-Elektronik MühendisliğiThe field correlations in atmospheric turbulence are evaluated for off-axis optical incidence. Within the practical range of the source and the medium parameters, increase in the diagonal length at the receiver plane is found to decrease the off-axis field correlations in turbulence. At a fixed diagonal length at the receiver plane, off-axis beams that have smaller displacement parameters and larger source sizes possess larger field correlations. When the field correlations of the off-axis beams in atmospheric turbulence are compared to their no turbulence counterparts, it is observed that the behaviour of the field correlation variations do not change, however the field correlations in turbulence diminish at smaller diagonal lengths.Conference Object Aperture Averaging of Focused Multi-Gaussian Beams(Electromagnetics Acad, 2013) Baykal, Yahya Kemal; Kamacioglu, Callan; Baykal, Yahya; Yazgan, Erdem; Elektrik-Elektronik MühendisliğiWe investigate the behavior of the power fluctuations of the focused annular and flat-topped beams when a realistic receiver possessing a finite sized aperture is employed in turbulent atmospheric optics links. Employing our previously derived formulation for the power scintillation index, the variations of the power scintillations and the receiver aperture averaging factor of the focused annular and flat-topped beams are scrutinized. Receiver aperture averaging factor is deduced from the ratio of power scintillation index detected by a finite sized aperture to that obtained by a point aperture. Influence of the receiver aperture radius, the propagation length, the structure constant, the inner and the outer beam sizes for an annular type incidence, flatness parameter for a flat-topped incidence and the focusing parameter for the multi-Gaussian beam in general, on the power scintillation and the receiver aperture averaging factor are studied. It is found that for the focused multi-Gaussian beams, the effect of the receiver aperture averaging factor increases as the aperture radius increases for larger link lengths. Additionally, for the annular incidences in turbulence, the effect of the receiver aperture averaging factor is stronger for larger inner beam source sizes. At a fixed receiver aperture radius, receiver aperture averaging becomes more effective when the structure constant becomes larger. When focused multi-Gaussian beams are compared to their collimated counterparts, it is seen that the receiver aperture averaging is more beneficial for the focused annular and focused flat-topped beams. At large link lengths, increase in the receiver aperture radius decreases the power scintillations.