A Metaverse-Based Fully Immersive Training for Temporomandibular Joint: A Pilot Study

Abstract

Objective Understanding the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) can be challenging with conventional methods, as its complex anatomy, comprising the articular disc, mandibular condyle, and temporal bone, requires detailed visualisation. Traditional approaches like textbooks and static images often fall short, whereas modern tools such as 3D modelling and virtual reality (VR) offer more effective alternatives. Metaverse technology further enhances this by creating interactive, immersive and collaborative learning environments that simulate real-world experiences. While VR is increasingly used in dental education, research on fully immersive metaverse-based learning remains limited.Methods In this pilot study, a custom metaverse environment was developed to teach TMJ concepts. Then, the effectiveness of conventional and metaverse-based teaching methods in improving dental students' understanding of the TMJ was evaluated experimentally. A randomised trial was conducted with 120 first-year dental students, divided into three groups: classical lecturing, metaverse-based training and a combination of both.Results Findings indicate that students in the metaverse and combined groups outperformed those in the classical lecturing group, with no significant difference between the two metaverse-involved groups.Conclusions This suggests that for highly complex anatomical structures like the TMJ, metaverse-based training alone may be sufficient, eliminating the need for additional traditional instruction. The study highlights the metaverse's potential to enhance dental education by providing a fully 3D, interactive learning experience.